Strain: meaning, definitions and examples

Used mostly in biology to refer to a genetic variant or subtype of microorganisms, viruses, or plants. Often used when discussing diseases or scientific research.

• The influenza virus has several different strains
• Scientists are working to identify the strain responsible for the outbreak

A different form or version of something, often used interchangeably with 'strain' but not limited to biological contexts. Can also be used in general contexts to denote a slightly different form.

• The Delta variant of COVID-19 spread rapidly around the world
• The car model comes in several variants

Used to classify a more specific category within a broader category, especially in medical, biological, or technical fields.

• There are several subtypes of breast cancer, each requiring different treatments
• The new technology was a subtype of the existing model

Refers to a change in the DNA sequence of an organism. Commonly used in genetics and evolutionary biology. Often has a neutral or negative connotation when associated with diseases.

• The mutation in the gene caused the disorder
• Researchers are studying mutations that could lead to cancer

Strain is usually used to describe physical tension or effort that causes something to stretch or become deformed, often leading to discomfort or damage.

• Lifting heavy objects can put a lot of strain on your back
• The engineer noted that the bridge was under significant strain after the earthquake

Deformation refers to the change in shape or size of an object due to applied forces, often used in engineering and physics to talk about changes in materials under stress.

• The car body showed noticeable deformation after the crash
• Engineers study the deformation of materials to ensure structures can withstand various forces

Stress refers to the internal force per unit area within materials that arises from externally applied forces, often used in physics, engineering, and also in psychology to describe emotional strain.

• The stress on the metal beam exceeded its limit
• She was under a lot of stress because of the upcoming exams

Pressure is used to describe the force applied to a surface per unit area, often used in scientific, technical, and everyday contexts.

• The air pressure in the tires needs to be checked regularly
• The high pressure in the pipes caused them to burst

Used when indicating a state of tension or pressure, often due to overuse or stress. It can refer to physical, emotional, or mechanical stress and often has a negative connotation.

• He felt a strain in his back after lifting heavy boxes all day.
• The strain of working long hours took a toll on her health.
• The bridge collapsed under the strain of the heavy traffic.

Employed when talking about the active use of physical or mental energy to accomplish something. It is often used in a formal or serious tone.

• You need to exert more force to move the heavy table.
• She had to exert considerable influence to get the policy changed.
• He exerted himself to the utmost to win the competition.

Used when referring to the amount of energy or work put into a task. Generally has a neutral or positive connotation and emphasizes the act of trying.

• It took a lot of effort to finish the marathon.
• She appreciated his effort to help her with her project.
• With a little more effort, you can achieve great results.

Common in everyday language when talking about applying force to move something or when trying to achieve something. Carries a strong sense of physical action or motivation.

• You have to push the door to open it.
• He decided to push himself harder to meet the deadline.
• She always pushes her students to do their best.