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Refractory Meaning: Definition, Examples, and Translations

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refractory

[rษชหˆfrรฆktษ™ri ]

Definitions

Context #1 | Adjective

medical context

In a medical context, the term 'refractory' refers to a disease or condition that is resistant to treatment. For example, a refractory tumor does not respond to standard therapies and may require alternative approaches. Such conditions often pose significant challenges in the medical field, as they may necessitate more aggressive or innovative treatments.

Synonyms

resistant, stubborn, unyielding.

Examples of usage

  • The patient was diagnosed with a refractory arthritis.
  • Refractory epilepsy is difficult to control with medication.
  • Doctors are researching effective treatments for refractory cancers.
Context #2 | Adjective

general use

In general use, 'refractory' describes someone or something that is difficult to manage or control. This could refer to a person who refuses to obey rules or conform to expectations. This usage conveys an idea of obstinacy or defiance, suggesting a tendency to resist authority or guidance.

Synonyms

intractable, obstinate, recalcitrant.

Examples of usage

  • The refractory student refused to listen to the teacher.
  • His refractory behavior got him into trouble.
  • She has a refractory attitude towards authority.

Translations

To see the translation, please select a language from the options available.

Interesting Facts

Science

  • Refractory materials are crucial in industries such as steelmaking and pottery, where high temperatures are the norm.
  • Common examples include firebricks, ceramic tiles, and certain metals that withstand extreme heat.

Medicine

  • In medicine, 'refractory' describes conditions that do not respond to treatment, such as certain types of epilepsy or cancer.
  • The term can apply to drugs that are ineffective against specific diseases, indicating a need for alternative therapies.

Psychology

  • In psychology, a 'refractory period' refers to a time when a person is less responsive to stimulation after an event, like after a strong emotional experience.
  • Understanding this concept helps professionals assess recovery times after treatments or therapies.

Literature

  • Authors may use 'refractory' to describe characters who are stubborn or resistant to change, enriching plot development with complexity.
  • In poetry, it often evokes feelings of rebellion or defiance against norms.

Origin of 'refractory'

Main points about word origin

  • The word comes from the Latin 'refractorius', meaning 'broken again', which relates to how these materials resist heat without breaking.
  • It has been in use since the early 1600s, often referring to materials used in high-temperature settings.

The word 'refractory' originates from the Latin term 'refractarius', meaning 'obstinate' or 'stubborn', which is derived from 'refringere', meaning 'to break back'. The prefix 're-' connotes 'back' or 'again', while 'frangere' means 'to break'. The term was adopted into English in the late 15th century, originally used to describe materials that resist heat or require high temperatures to be changed. Over time, it expanded in usage to include a broader range of meanings, particularly in medical terminology, where it emphasizes resistance to treatment. The transition from a physical descriptor to one that encompasses behavioral traits reflects the word's flexibility and adaptability in the English language.

Word Frequency Rank

Position #9,857 indicates this is an advanced-level word. While not essential for basic communication, it will enhance your ability to understand and create more nuanced content.