Absolutism Meaning: Definition, Examples, and Translations
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absolutism
[หรฆb.sษ.luห.tษช.zษm ]
Definition
political theory
Absolutism is a political doctrine and practice where a single authority, often a monarch, has absolute power over the state and government. In this system, the ruler's power is not constrained by laws, a constitution, or other governmental bodies. Absolutism prevailed in various forms during the early modern period, with notable examples in France under Louis XIV. The ideology often involves the centralization of power and may also be associated with divine right, where the monarch's authority is justified by divine sanction.
Synonyms
autocracy, despotism, dictatorship.
Examples of usage
- Louis XIV is a notable example of absolutism in France.
- Many consider the reign of Peter the Great to exemplify Russian absolutism.
- Absolutism was commonly practiced in Europe before the Enlightenment.
Translations
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Interesting Facts
Historical Origins
- In the 17th century, many European countries practiced this form of government, with kings claiming to rule by divine right.
- The term derives from the Latin word 'absolutus,' meaning 'unrestricted' or 'free,' highlighting the lack of limitations on power.
- Famous examples include King Louis XIV of France, who famously said, 'L'รฉtat, c'est moi' ('I am the state').
Political Theory
- Philosopher Thomas Hobbes argued that absolute rule was necessary for peace and security in his work 'Leviathan.'
- Absolutism contrasts with democratic practices, where power is shared among elected representatives.
- Critics argue that such unshared power can lead to tyranny, as it often lacks checks and balances.
Cultural Impact
- The art and architecture of absolutism, especially in France, often reflected grandeur and opulence, such as the Palace of Versailles.
- Literature from the era, including works by Moliรจre and Racine, often critiqued or satirized absolute rulers.
- In Russia, Peter the Great modernized the country using his absolute power to create a formidable empire.
Modern Reflections
- Although rare today, some modern governments show traits of absolutism, where leaders hold substantial unchallenged power.
- This concept also influences discussions around civil rights and liberties, highlighting the importance of freedom from absolute authority.
- In contemporary politics, the term is sometimes applied in a derogatory sense to describe leaders who impose strict authoritative controls.
Origin of 'absolutism'
The term 'absolutism' is derived from the Latin word 'absolutus,' which means 'set free' or 'loosened.' The idea began to take shape during the late Middle Ages, evolving as monarchs sought more centralized power. The peak of absolutism in Europe occurred in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in countries like France and Russia. Philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes supported the idea of absolute sovereignty, arguing that a powerful, centralized authority was necessary to maintain peace and prevent civil war. The decline of absolutism was spurred by enlightenment ideas advocating for democratic governance, which culminated in revolutions like the French Revolution. This historical context is vital to understanding how absolutism was both challenged and reinforced throughout the ages.